Rolls-Royce Archives
| Identifier | Entry | ||
| Scan0 | Wear tests and investigations into the co-efficient of friction for Ferodo clutch material on a Goshawk Clutch. | ||
| View original record | To E. from Hs. ORIGINAL Hs2/LG1.3.23. Y3409 X 4244 CLUTCH MATERIAL. The rate of wear on a Goshawk Clutch used under normal conditions is practically nil. We measured one clutch, which after the first… | ||
| Scan1 | Experimental bench trial report for the Goshawk Dynamo. | ||
| View original record | To R & E. from EFC. c. CJ. & PN. c. By & EP. c. Da. [STAMPED: ORIGINAL] X.4383 - R.R. GOSHAWK DYNAMO. An experimental bench trial of an R.R. Goshawk dynamo wound with a finer field winding, namely, 20… | ||
| Scan2 | Performance changes to a dynamo after modifications, comparing it to previous tests and specifications. | ||
| View original record | Contd. -2- EFC/T2.3.23. previous to modification. The early or rising part of the characteristic curve has been, by this change, bodily shifted approximately 100 r.p.m. later (at 62ºC), but above 1600… | ||
| Scan3 | Graph comparing the output curves of Goshawk and U.S.A. Bosch dynamos. | ||
| View original record | OUTPUT CURVES OF R.R. GOSHAWK DYNAMOS AND U.S.A. BOSCH DYNAMO [As found on new bench rig] AMPERE OUTPUT 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 OPERATING VOLTAGES [Hot] 13.6, 13.85, 14.1, 14.35, 14.6, 15.1,… | ||
| Scan4 | Breather pipe arrangement from the crankcase to the hot air pipe. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL. To E. from Hs. Hsl/LG2. 3. 23. RE. BREATHER PIPE FROM CRANKCASE TO HOT AIR PIPE. 40/50. Y3908 We attach herewith print of this arrangement. A print of this was sent to W.W. with the… | ||
| Scan5 | Design of a new miniature sparking plug from K.L.G. and requesting feedback on its dimensions. | ||
| View original record | E. from Hs. ORIGINAL Hs3/LG5.3.23. MINIATURE SPARKING PLUGS. 4560 We have received a small sparking plug from the K.L.G. people. This plug appears to have better proportions than the Bosch. They have… | ||
| Scan6 | Issue with Bosch spark plugs being too large for the cylinder head casting. | ||
| View original record | To E. from Hs. RE. SMALL SPARKING PLUGS. X.4560. You may find, on the latest Bosch Plugs we sent to you, that the collar on the plug is too large to go into the recess in the cylinder head casting. If… | ||
| Scan7 | Methods tested to prevent oil leakage from the 40/50 HP universal joint. | ||
| View original record | To R. from Hs. c. to CJ. c. to E. c. to Da. c. to EX. c. to EF. Re10/LGS.3.23. METHOD OF RETAINING OIL ON 40/50 H.P. UNIVERSAL JOINT. Springfield have pointed out that a large quantity of oil which is… | ||
| Scan8 | Continued note on an improvement for oil retaining in the universal joint. | ||
| View original record | contd:- -2- The addition of this pressing makes a tremendous improvement in the oil retaining. The little thrower on the shaft is to stop the oil running down the shaft when the joint stops revolving.… | ||
| Scan9 | Tests to find a method for retaining oil on a 40/50 HP universal joint. | ||
| View original record | To R. From Hs. c. to CJ. c. to R. c. to Dm. c. to HY. c. to EP. ORIGINAL HalO/LCS.3.23. METHOD OF RETAINING OIL ON 40/50 H.P. UNIVERSAL JOINT. X4348 Y3324 Springfield have pointed out that a large… | ||
| Scan10 | Improvement in oil retaining for a universal joint. | ||
| View original record | contd:- -2- The addition of this pressing makes a tremendous improvement in the oil retaining. The little thrower on the shaft is to stop the oil running down the shaft when the joint stops revolving.… | ||
| Scan11 | Proposed oil retainer scheme for a universal joint on a 40/50 chassis. | ||
| View original record | GL40 PROPOSED OIL RETAINER SCHEME FOR UNIVERSAL JOINT 40/50 CHASSIS SCALE 1/1 ALTERATIONS & ADDITIONS SHOWN SHADED ROLLS-ROYCE, LIMITED PRINT ROOM. 9 - MAR 1923 DERBY GL40 W D 8-3-23 | ||
| Scan12 | Query regarding a lock for the 20 HP spare wheel bolt, following reports of it working loose on the Goshawk model. | ||
| View original record | Da. from Hs. ORIGINAL. Hs6/LGS.3.23. GOSHAWK SPARE WHEEL FITTING. x4085 We should be pleased to know whether you propose providing a lock on the bolt for the 20 HP. spare wheel. We have heard from… | ||
| Scan13 | Tests concerning the lubrication of the 40/50 model's clutch spigot. | ||
| View original record | To R. from Hs. c.c. to CJ. c.c. to E. c.c. to Ds. c.c. to EP. c.c. to BY. ORIGINAL. H29/LGS.3.23. IOOT. X872 X3439 X354 40/50 LUBRICATION OF CLUTCH SPIGOT. We have continued our tests to prove whether… | ||
| Scan14 | Suggestion to improve the lubrication method of the clutch by introducing a more reliable manual system. | ||
| View original record | contd:- -2- If it is desired to do away with the present lubrication method, we consider it would be infinitely safer to have a definite means of lubrication by hand rather than rely on the uncertain… | ||
| Scan15 | The sending of an improved wooden model of a 40/50 steering wheel. | ||
| View original record | Da. from Hs. ORIGINAL. Hs2/LG13.3.23. STEERING WHEEL - wood model. X3465 We are sending to you today - 1 wooden model 40/50 Steering wheel made to the latest drawings. In our opinion we think the… | ||
| Scan16 | Test bench experiments comparing induction pipes and port arrangements on a Marmon engine against an E.A.C. engine, detailing a subsequent engine failure. | ||
| View original record | To R. from Hs. c. to CJ. c. to E. SECRET. ORIGINAL Hsl/LG15.3.23. MARMON ENGINE. X.1692 / X.9070 We have been running the Marmon engine on the test bench with the object of using this engine to carry… | ||
| Scan17 | Engine tests comparing the B.M.E.P. of a Marmon engine to a Goshawk-11 and discussing valve timings. | ||
| View original record | contd:- -2- We shall be able to get the engine running again without much difficulty and shall continue the tests. The B.M.E.P. of the Marmon is rather disappointing - the peak of the curve is… | ||
| Scan18 | Distribution experiments for a Marmon engine's intake manifold. | ||
| View original record | REPORT. MARMON ENGINE. DISTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTS. Marmon pipe. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dia = 1.700" HEATER CARBURETTER With Stromburg carburetter. Distribution fairly good at low speeds but cylinders 1 and 6 were… | ||
| Scan19 | Non-homogenous fuel mixture supply in an intake manifold with sketches. | ||
| View original record | contd:- -2- Cylinders 6, 5 and 4 were richer than 3, 2 and 1 owing to the position of the carburetter - as shown in sketch. Carburetter was reversed and cylinders 3, 2 and 1 were then richer than 6, 5… | ||
| Scan20 | Performance graph of a Marmon engine from a bench test plotting various metrics against RPM. | ||
| View original record | PARTICULARS OF MARMON ENGINE TAKEN IN BENCH TEST REVS. PER MIN. B.H.P. LBS/SQ.IN B.M.E.P. MECH EFFCY % PINTS PET/HP/HR. MECHANICAL EFFCY B.H.P. B.M.E.P. PET/HP/HR. QCL 6.3.23 ROLLS-ROYCE, LIMITED… | ||
| Scan21 | Power curves for a Marmon 34 engine, showing the effect of different valve timing with a Stromberg carburetter. | ||
| View original record | [ "MARMON 34 ENGINE", "POWER CURVES.", "SHOWING EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VALVE TIMING.", "'STROMBERG' CARBURETTER.", "B.H.P.", "REVS. PER MIN.", "H.P. EARLY TIMING. N°1", "H.P. STANDARD TIMING.", "H.P.… | ||
| Scan22 | Performance comparison graph of Stromberg and S.U. carburettors, plotting B.HP, fuel consumption, and depression against R.P.M. | ||
| View original record | CURVES SHOWING H.P. GIVEN BY STROMBERG & S.U. CARBURETTER R.P.M. 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500 B.H.P. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 PETROL / HP / HR. PINTS 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0… | ||
| Scan23 | Blueprint chart showing the inlet valve timing and displacement for a Marmon engine. | ||
| View original record | INLET VALVE VALVE DISPLACEMENT IN INS: 0.450, 0.400, 0.350, 0.300, 0.250, 0.200, 0.150, 0.100, 0.050, 0.000 IN CENTRE CRANK ANGLES. 340, 360, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240,… | ||
| Scan24 | Valve displacement and exhaust timing diagram for a Marmon 6-cylinder engine. | ||
| View original record | EXHAUST VALVE VALVE LIFT IN INS. CRANKSHAFT ANGLES MARMON ENGINE 6 CYL. BORE 3 3/4 INS. STROKE 5 1/8 INS. SWEPT VOL. 339.63 VALVE DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM. EXHAUST TIMING (STANDARD) 0.008 CLEARANCE I.C.… | ||
| Scan25 | Spring torsion and distortion tests, referencing two graphs and test number X2628. | ||
| View original record | To R. from Hs/Rn. c. to CJ. c. to E. c. to Da. c. to EY. ORIGINAL Hs/Rn1/LG17.3.23. SPRING TORSION AND DISTORTION TEST. X2628 Graph 1. The spring was held as shown in the sketch, with one end fixed,… | ||
| Scan26 | Graph and diagram showing the results of a lateral distortion test on a 40/50 spring under load. | ||
| View original record | 40/50 Spring 42" Centres 1100 LB Loading SPRING TEST LATERAL DISTORTION UNDER LOAD LOAD E Is 28" FROM SPRING CENTRE WT TO REMOVE SPRING CAMBER Y-Axis: LOAD CWT, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 X-Axis: VERTICAL… | ||
| Scan27 | Diagram and graph detailing a torsion experiment on a spring. | ||
| View original record | ARRANGEMENT OF SPRING FOR TORSION TEST LOAD APPLIED AT W. 1ft FROM SPRING CENTRE, TO PRODUCE TORQUE ANGLE θ MEASURED AS NEAR CENTRE OF SPRING AS POSSIBLE PULL APPLIED AT T TO REMOVE SPRING CAMBER… | ||
| Scan28 | Cover memo for the revised calculations of the X.9700 - E.A.C. Dynamo. | ||
| View original record | To E. from EFC. c. BY. ORIGINAL SECRET EFCl/T20.3.23. X.9700 - E.A.C. DYNAMO. Herewith please receive copy of calculations of the above dynamo, revised in accordance with E1/M28.2.23. EFC. | ||
| Scan29 | Revised calculations for an E.A.C. Dynamo. | ||
| View original record | S/h 19.3.23. X.9700 - E.A.C. DYNAMO (REVISED CALCULATIONS AFTER EI/428.I.23). Dynamo must, in hot condition, put up 13.6 Volts on open circuit at a speed of 500 r.p.m. As a shunt machine it should do… | ||
| Scan30 | Calculations for armature and field coil specifications, page 2. | ||
| View original record | -2- Contd. Total number of armature turns = 232 Armature resistance is that of 58 turns in series. Length of mean armature turn (approx) = 13.5" Total length for armature resistance = 58 x 13.5 / 12 =… | ||
| Scan31 | Calculation table for the magnetic circuit of components like the armature, pole core, and yoke. | ||
| View original record | -3- Contd. Part. Material. Length (") Virtual section sq.ins. Total Flux. Flux density Inch units. Cm. units. B. H. A.T. per inch A.T. Contd. -3- Armature teeth. Lamin. Iron. .80 .9x5x.130 x3.2 = 1.87… | ||
| Scan32 | Page of calculations for wire coil windings, resistance, and ampere turns for a shunt machine. | ||
| View original record | -4- Contd. Square C.S. area of this wire covered (D.C.C.) = (.056)² = .00313 inch² Available C.S. area of winding space estimated to be .875 x .475 = .415 inch². Hence number of turns = .415 / .00313… | ||
| Scan33 | List of principal quantities and calculations for an electrical shunt machine. | ||
| View original record | -5- Contd. Principal Quantities. No. of armature conductors = 464 Armature resis. at 100°C = .384 ohm. Field resistance at 80°C = 3.04 ohms. Cutting in point. = 13.6 volts. Field turns = 133 Field… | ||
| Scan34 | Response detailing failures of ignition contacts and dynamo brushes for 4-GII electrical equipment. | ||
| View original record | To R. from EPC. c. to CJ. E. c. to Nor. RP. c. to Ry. ORIGINAL. EFC4/T26.3.23. X.4338 - 4-GII ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. Answering your W1/M7.3.23 :- X3485 (1) Failure of Ignition Contact. We have had one… | ||
| Scan35 | Dynamo testing, focusing on brush positioning to resolve sparking and heating issues. | ||
| View original record | EPC4/T26.3.23. -2- Contd. in partial contact, the contact surfaces sparking badly during the process. If so, this should be overcome by the more exact dimensions now obtained. A case of this sort has… | ||
| Scan36 | Testing for mechanical wear and experiments with brushes and commutators. | ||
| View original record | EFC4/T26.3.23. -3- Contd. We will also test, as you request, the result of mechanical wear only, also find out answers to your other queries. We began experimenting with softer brushes, but… | ||
| Scan37 | Necessity of a support for the raked steering column on the 20 HP model. | ||
| View original record | To Da. from Hs. c. to Da/EV. c. to EY. ORIGINAL. Hs2/LG26.3.23. 20 HP. RAKED COLUMN. X4264 X4067 We have proved by experience that with the raked column on the 20 HP. it is very necessary to have a… | ||
| Scan38 | American chassis alterations, awaiting a decision and noting a requested experiment on 40/50 engine gears. | ||
| View original record | TO EP. FROM E. c. to HS. c. to BY. ORIGINAL E2/M2.3.23. RE. AMERICAN CHASSIS ALTERATIONS. X3614 In reply to your EP5/H27223, as I was not present during the whole of the time you were with Mr. Royce… | ||
| Scan39 | From 'E' to 'C.J.' regarding a request for more information for Mr. Royce's decision on matters concerning the American Company. | ||
| View original record | TO CJ. FROM E. E1/M2.3.23. RE. AMERICAN COMPANY. With reference to CJ7/E28223., I have the impression that Mr. Platford came down to WW. on the last occasion to obtain Mr. Royce's decision on these… | ||
| Scan40 | Status report on vehicle components, detailing actions required and comparisons to American models. | ||
| View original record | NO. OF ITEM, AND TITLE. EP14/H 1223 1. WIRE WHEELS. 2. CLUTCH VALVE AND CLUTCH SPIGOT. 3. STEERING WHEEL SPOKES. 4. PILOT JET TAP. CAN BE REPORTED TO AMERICA. Mr. Hives has reported after experiment… | ||
| Scan41 | Report discussing component changes and information requests for hand pumps, engine covers, brake stops, and water pump spindles. | ||
| View original record | NO. OF ITEM. AND TITLE. CAN BE REPORTED TO AMERICA. MORE INFORMATION REQUIRED. WE SUGGEST. CAN BE DROPPED. 5. HAND PUMP. So far as we know this was not discussed with Mr. Royce, but the… | ||
| Scan42 | Discussions and required actions for gears, valves, axles, and magneto drives. | ||
| View original record | NO. OF ITEM. AND TITLE. CAN BE REPORTED TO AMERICA. MORE INFORMATION REQUIRED. WE SUGGEST CAN BE DROPPED. 9. GEARS AND GEARBOXES. Not discussed with Mr. Royce while I was present. We are asking EP. to… | ||
| Scan43 | Status report requesting further information on a magneto drive and axle bevel pinion for an American chassis. | ||
| View original record | NO. OF ITEM, AND TITLE. CAN BE REPORTED TO AMERICA. MORE INFORMATION REQUIRED. WE SUGGEST CAN BE DROPPED. 13. MAGNETO DRIVE. (continued from previous sheet.) We suggest EP. obtains a blue print so… | ||
| Scan44 | Secret memo regarding a test rig for a new method of fixing cheeses on a steering mechanism. | ||
| View original record | R.R. 235A (100 T) (S.H. 159, 11-8-20) G. 2800 ORIGINAL TO HS. FROM DA. S E C R E T. DA3/M3.3.23. c.c to CJ. E. A. C. X9810 X9470 We send herewith N. scheme 1383 which shews a rig for testing the… | ||
| Scan45 | Preferred design for a stay for a 40/50 swan neck pipe. | ||
| View original record | TO HS. FROM DA. ORIGINAL RE. STAY FOR 40/50 SWAN NECK. X4374 Replying to your HS3/LG7223., we like the design on the R.H. side of the drawing of N.scheme 469, as giving the most direct support to the… | ||
| Scan46 | Modifications to the Goshawk rear axle casing to prevent breakages. | ||
| View original record | TO BY. FROM DA. HEM/MS C. to DJ. C. to WOH. C. to HS. 8 MAR 1923 ORIGINAL DA2/M3.3.23. GOSHAWK REAR AXLE. X4265 We send herewith N.scheme 1381 shewing the modifications to the rear axle centre casing… | ||
| Scan47 | Goshawk 11 electrical equipment failures, with proposed solutions for the ignition, dynamo, and armature. | ||
| View original record | R.R. 235A (100 T) (S.H. 159. 11-8-20) G. 2800 TO EFC. FROM R. c. to CJ. BJ. WOR. c. to RG. HS. EP. c. to BY. E. DA. HY. RE. 4.GOSHAWK 11. ORIGINAL R1/M7.3.23. The electrical equipment has been a… | ||
| Scan48 | Requesting a signature on standardisation sheets to avoid delaying modification procedures. | ||
| View original record | To R. at Le Canadel from Hs. c. to C.J. [Strikethrough] ORIGINAL [Stamp] Hsl/LG9.3.23. STANDARDISATION SHEETS. X2066 [Handwritten] We have a number of standardisation sheets completely signed except… | ||
| Scan49 | Suggestions for the Goshawk 11 cutout operation. | ||
| View original record | TO BY. FROM DA. C. to CD. C. to HOR. C. to HS. ORIGINAL RECEIVED DA1/M10.3.23. GOSHAWK 11. CUTOUT OPERATION. X4269 We send herewith N.scheme 1384. showing our suggestions for operating the cutout. We… | ||
| Scan50 | Modifications to the Goshawk 11 front axle, steering, and suspension. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL. TO BY FROM DA. C. to C.I. C. to WOR. C. to HS. GOSHAWK 11. FRONT AXLE ETC. X4263 V4219 We send herewith N.sch. 1386. shewing the front axle arranged for radius rods in accordance with Mr.… | ||
| Scan51 | Experimental locking mechanisms for the Goshawk 11 wheel carrier, including a thief-proof option. | ||
| View original record | TO EY. FROM DA. c. to GJ. c. to WOR. c. to HS. ORIGINAL GOSHAWK 11. WHEEL CARRIER. X4085 We send herewith N.sch. 1390 shewing two suggestions for providing a lock on the wheel carrier set screw. Fig.… | ||
| Scan52 | Alternative positive lock for the Goshawk II wheel carrier. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL TO BY. FROM DA. c. to CJ. MOR. HS. GOSHAWK II. WHEEL CARRIER. X4085 In addition to N.sch. 1390. we send herewith N.sch. 1391. shewing a further alternative lock for the wheel carrier set… | ||
| Scan53 | Objectionable clicking sound in the Watford Magneto Control for a Goshawk 11 engine. | ||
| View original record | TO HS. FROM E. c. to C.I. ORIGINAL. RE. WATFORD MAGNETO CONTROL. X3551 On 5.Goshawk 11. at WW. the magneto control for the advance and retard sets up an objectionable clicking at low speeds due to the… | ||
| Scan54 | Taller ignition coil for a Goshawk vehicle. | ||
| View original record | TO EFC. FROM E. E1/M19.3.23. TALLER IGNITION COIL FOR GOSHAWK. X.4079. In reply to your memo. EFC5/T13323.. 5.Goshawk ll. is not fitted with one of the taller coils, and we should be glad to fit one… | ||
| Scan55 | Design of Goshawk 11 Radius Rods and an accompanying scheme. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL TO BY. FROM DA. c. to CJ. WOR. HS. GOSHAWK 11. RADIUS RODS. X4263 We send herewith N.sch. 1387 shewing the rear end of the radius rod and bracket.. It will be seen that the general lines… | ||
| Scan56 | Provision and improvement of a Goshawk 11 all-weather head and body. | ||
| View original record | S.R. 235A (100 T) (S.H. 159. 11-8-20) G. 3800 ORIGINAL TO HS. FROM DA. DA4/M20. 3. 23. GOSHAWK 11. ALL-WEATHER HEAD. X3730 With reference to Mr. Beatonson's promise to provide us with a new… | ||
| Scan57 | Steering column rigidity issues on the 20 HP model related to the instrument board bracket. | ||
| View original record | TO HS. FROM DA/EV. c. to BY. RE. 20.HP. RAKED COLUMN. X4264 The coachbuilding dept. seem to fear that in some cases the coachbuilder will remove the instrument board bracket because it does not suit… | ||
| Scan58 | The Goshawk 11 front radius rod system, detailing modifications to springs, shackles, and brackets. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL. TO BY. FROM DA. c. to CJ. c. to WCR. c. to HS. DA2/M23.3.23. GOSHAWK 11. FRONT RADIUS ROD SYSTEM X4263 X4261 We send herewith N.sch.1388. showing the front and rear shackles of the front… | ||
| Scan59 | Change from aluminium to steel brackets for the Goshawk II chassis wiring. | ||
| View original record | TO BY. FROM DA. C. to CJ. C. to WCR. C. to HS. ORIGINAL X.24075 GOSHAWK II. CHASSIS WIRING. We send herewith N.scheme 1393 shewing the new bracket for carrying the wiring tube across the 3rd cross… | ||
| Scan60 | Non-receipt of adapters for miniature sparking plugs. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL TO HS. FROM E. X 4560 E2/M24.3.23. Kindly note we have not yet received the adapters for the miniature sparking plugs. Sent E. REC'D MAR 26 1923 | ||
| Scan61 | Requirements for a lightweight, simple magneto for the Goshawk engine as a secondary ignition system. | ||
| View original record | TO BJ. FROM R. C. to CJ. WOR. C. to BY. HS. ✓ C. to PN. DA C. to E. EP. ORIGINAL RE. MAGNETO FOR GOSHAWK. E's memo. explains my view. I want the lightest magneto (1) to carry, and (2) to drive,… | ||
| Scan62 | Preferences for engine components such as magnetos, spark plugs, and ignition systems. | ||
| View original record | (2) I am dead certain we ought not to consider such a small sum of money when we know how to give something valuable for it; I wish I knew how wisely and profitably to spend even more. You will now… | ||
| Scan63 | N.scheme 1394 for the 20.HP model, focusing on the side steering tube and alternative spring loads for the flexible joint. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL TO BY. FROM DA. DA2/M27.3.23. c. to CJ. c. to WOR. c. to HS. RE. 20.HP. WITH FRONT AXLE RADIUS RODS. X4263 X4261 We send herewith N.scheme 1394 showing the rear end of the side steering tube… | ||
| Scan64 | Goshawk II front axle radius rods (X4263), detailing steering lock adjustments and bracket positioning for optimal geometry. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL. TO BY. FROM DA. DA2/M28.3.23. | ||
| Scan65 | Letter from F.H. Royce regarding an upcoming visit, a request for tools, performance of a 20 HP car, and aero engine considerations. | ||
| View original record | ORIGINAL. La Villa Mimosa, Le Canadel, Par le Lavandou, Var., France. 31.3.23. Dear Hives, Very pleased to hear that you and Mr. Rowledge intended coming here next week. Mr. Hulle from Manchester and… | ||
| Scan66 | Postscript discussing vehicle shackle noise and recommending specific English compound engine oils. | ||
| View original record | R.R. 199 (250T) (SD676 19-7-17) MP180865 -2- P.S. On these roads the knocking of shackles seems universal. I believe the news that the 40/50 wears in a trip out here is hardly correct - either… | ||