From the Rolls-Royce experimental archive: a quarter of a million communications from Rolls-Royce, 1906 to 1960's. Documents from the Sir Henry Royce Memorial Foundation (SHRMF).
Review of published work on Nickel and Nickel-Chromium in Cast Iron, including a detailed bibliography.
| Identifier | ExFiles\Box 142\4\ scan0140 | |
| Date | 1st October 1927 | |
| References The bibliography is arranged chronologically. Those references marked with an asterisk deal primarily with nickel in cast iron, the others are to papers, etc., in which this subject is mentioned. SUBJECT, AUTHOR, JOURNAL, YEAR, VOL., & PAGE. 1. S. S. Hickling, Brit. Pat., 2296/1799 2. M.{Mr Moon / Mr Moore} S. Poole, Brit. Pat., 10,971/1845 3. Fairbairn, Manchester Phil. Soc., 1889/1, 507 4. M.{Mr Moon / Mr Moore} Gèny, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron & Steel Inst., 1889/1, 70 5. *Nickel in Cast Iron, L. Guillet, Compte rendu, 1907/144, 552 6. Some Properties of Heat Treated 2% Nickel Steels, W. H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Hatfield & Barnes, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron & Steel Inst., 1911/1, 249 7. *Influence of Nickel on the Structure of Pig Iron, H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Thaler, Giesserei Zeit, 1912/9/73 & 172 8. Mayarai Iron in Foundry Practice, Q. Bent, Iron Age, 1912/90/1028 9. Mayarai Foundry Pig Iron, Anon, Iron Age, 1912/90/530 10. Influence of Some Special Constituents of Cast Iron, A.{Mr Adams} Campion, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1918/20/469 11. Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Hatfield, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1918/p. 100 12. Metallurgy of Iron, T. Turner, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1918/p. 474 13. Influence of Nickel and Cobalt on Cast Iron, O.{Mr Oldham} Bauer and E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Piwowarski, Stahl u. Eisen, 1920/40/1300 14. Constitution of the Nickel-Iron Alloys, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} Hanson and H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Hanson, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron Steel Inst., 1920/2, 40 15. Making a 8% Nickel Cast Iron Alloy in the Electric Furnace, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} N. Witman, Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., September 1921 16. Some failures of Chilled Cast Iron Wheels, H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Force, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat., 1921/21/891 17. Effect of Special Elements on Cast Iron, O.{Mr Oldham} Smalley, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1922/26/519 18. Constitution of Alloys of Iron and Nickel, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} Hanson and J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} R.{Sir Henry Royce} Freeman, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron Steel Inst., 1923/1/301 19. Effect of Nickel Chromium on Cast Iron, R.{Sir Henry Royce} Moldenke, Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1923/68/930 20. *Refining Cast Iron by adding Nickel, E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Piwowarski and E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Ebbefeld, Stahl u. Eisen, 1923/43/967 21. Influence of Foreign Elements on Shrinkage of Cast Iron, F.{Mr Friese} Wüst, Stahl u. Eisen, 1923/43/713 22. *Cast Iron alloyed with Nickel, P. D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} Merica, Foundry, 1924/52/131 23. High Temperature Growth of Special Cast Irons, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Andrew and H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Hyman, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron Steel Inst., 1924/1/451 24. Non-Magnetic Cast Iron, S. E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Dawson, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1924/29/439 25. Discussion of paper on "Non-Magnetic Cast Iron", J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} S. Primrose, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1924/30/18 26. *Nickel in Cast Iron, Anon, Machinery, 1924/24/372 27. *Nickeliferous Cast Iron, P. D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} Merica, Canad. Foundryman, & Iron Steel, Canada, August 1924 28. Equilibrium Diagram. Iron-Carbon-Nickel, T. Kase, Sci. Rep. Tohoku, 1925/14/173 29. Improvement of Cast Iron by the addition of Alloy Metals, E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Piwowarsky, Stahl u. Eisen, 1925/45/289 30. Low Temperature Heat Treatment of Special Cast Irons, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} W. Donaldson, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1925/31/517 31. Influence of Special Elements on Grey Cast Iron, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} W. Donaldson, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1925/32/553 32. Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Cast Iron, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Partridge, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Iron Steel Inst., 1925/2/210 33. *Nickel & Nickel Chromium in Cast Iron, T. H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Wickenden and J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} S. Vanick, Amer. Found. Assoc., 1925/33/347 34. Influence of Various Elements on Graphitization in Cast Iron, H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Sawamura, Mem. Coll. Eng. Kyoto Imp. Univ., 1926/4/4 35. Nickel and Chrome Alloy Cast Iron, Anon, Das Metall, 1927/2 36. *Nickel and Nickel-Chromium Cast Irons as now used in America, T. H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Turner, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/34/59 & 71 37. Method of Producing Cast Iron, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} C. Henderson, U.S.A. Pat., 1,573,937, 1927 38. *The Beneficial Effects of Nickel and Chromium in Cast Iron, J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Trantin, Chicago Crucible Co., 1927 39. Nickel and its Alloys, Bureau of Standards Circular No. 100, 1924/160 40. *Improving Grey Cast Iron with Nickel, E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Piwowarsky, International Nickel Co., Publication No. 202, 1927 41. *Nickel changes Properties of Grey Cast Iron, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} M.{Mr Moon / Mr Moore} Houston, Foundry, May 15/1927/399 42. *Nickel in Cast Iron, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} M.{Mr Moon / Mr Moore} Houston, Iron Coal Trades Rev., June 1/1927/423 43. Effects of Chromium and Nickel in Cast Iron, R.{Sir Henry Royce} S. Poister, Amer. Found. Assoc., March 11/1927/391 44. *On the Effect of Nickel and Chromium on the strength properties of Grey Cast Iron, E.{Mr Elliott - Chief Engineer} Piwowarsky, Inst. Brit. Found. See Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, June 1927 45. Discussion of paper "On the effect of Nickel and Chromium on the strength properties of Grey Cast Iron", T. H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Turner, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/4 & 37 46. Discussion of paper "On the effect of Nickel and Chromium on the strength properties of Grey Cast Iron", J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Shaw, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/103 47. Nickel and Nickel-Chromium in Cast Iron, H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} J.{Mr Johnson W.M.} Young, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/35/228 48. The Growth of Cast Iron, K.{Mr Kilner} Sipp and F.{Mr Friese} Roll, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/114 49. *Monel Cast Iron, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/158 50. *Special Alloy for Cast Iron, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/254 51. *Improvements in Addition Material for Ferrous Metals, Brit. Pat. 273,523, July 1927 52. *The Influence of Nickel and Silicon on an Iron-Carbon Alloy, A.{Mr Adams} B. Everest, T. H.{Arthur M. Hanbury - Head Complaints} Turner and D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} Hanson, Iron & Steel Inst., Sept. 1927 53. *The Economic Value of Nickel and Chromium in Grey Iron Castings, D.{John DeLooze - Company Secretary} M.{Mr Moon / Mr Moore} Houston, Reprint A.S.S.T., Sept. 1927 54. The Influence of Aluminium on an Iron Carbon Alloy, A.{Mr Adams} B. Everest, Found. Trade J.{Mr Johnson W.M.}, 1927/36/169 Nickel and Nickel-Chromium in Cast Iron. A Review of Published Work. By ARTHUR B. EVEREST, Ph.D. (University of Birmingham). Reprinted by permission from Bulletin No. 16 [April, 1927] of the British Cast Iron Research Association and brought up-to-date [October, 1927]. In connection with the development of high quality cast iron, to meet the increasingly exacting requirements of engineering practice, British founders are showing greater interest in the possibilities of alloy, or special, cast irons. Among these, nickel and nickel-chromium cast irons may claim a prominent place, for although they have not yet found widespread application in this country, they have, for certain definite classes of work, become an unquestioned success; and it is likely that a wider understanding of the properties of these materials will lead to an extensive use of their applications. ability of the American-owned natural nickel-chrome pig iron (Mayari iron) obtained from Cuba. Apart from this, however, nickel and nickel-chrome cast irons have been developed and applied successfully to the manufacture of internal combustion engines, and in general engineering practice where iron with good machining and wearing properties are required. Nickel cast iron is used now for similar purposes on the Continent. History of the Development of Nickel Cast Iron. Special advantages to be obtained by the use of nickel in cast iron were claimed as long ago as in 1799. In that year Hickling¹ took out a patent for the manufacture of hollow vessels of cast iron alloyed with nickel. From 40-4 parts of iron to one of nickel (i.e., Ni. 2.5 per cent.—.25 per cent.) were employed. It was claimed that nickel prevented the rusting of the iron, and the vessels could be lined with copper, etc., by the precipitation processes. In 1845 Poole² claimed resistance to oxidation for cast iron with 2—10 per cent. of nickel. These claims for resistance to rusting on behalf of nickel cast iron do not seem to have aroused much interest, for little or no mention of the subject is to be found until the latter part of the last century. Fairbairn³ has also recorded, in 1858, experiments to determine the strength of alloys of nickel and iron in composition to meteoric iron, and also the effect of nickel upon cast iron. His experiments with Blænavon pig alloyed with nickel showed that these alloys were susceptible to a very high polish, but the strength in deflection and impact was weakened. Unfortunately, he does not give the purity or quantities of the nickel added³. When this fact was referred to in 1889, Mons. Gèny stated that when nickel was put into cast iron it increased the strength of the metal, and also its soundness and fluidity.⁴ It was not, however, until 1907 that the results of what appears to be the first systematic research on the influence of nickel on cast iron were published. Guillet⁵ added nickel at intervals from 2.7 per cent. to 12 per cent. to grey iron, and up to 48 per cent. to white iron. He found that additions of nickel in small amounts served to reinforce the action of silicon and draw the carbon from the combined to the graphitic state; pearlite tended to disappear or to take on a sorbitic form, while cementite decreased in quantity and assumed an acicular form. When considerable quantities of nickel were present, the material consisted of gamma iron (austenite) with graphite and phosphide. Since that time experiments have been made with additions to cast iron by many workers in many countries. The subject seems, however, to have received most attention in the United States,³⁶ France, and Germany, partly due in the first case to the avail- PUBLISHED BRITISH RESEARCH. There is no published work dealing with a systematic British investigation into the influence of nickel on cast iron; various workers have included nickel in their survey upon the influence of special elements on cast iron, and in general have based their conclusions on the results of making two or three different additions of nickel to an iron of fixed composition. Four such workers may be mentioned. Campion,¹⁰ in 1918, found an improvement in transverse strength, and decrease in hardness, by adding 1 per cent. of nickel to an iron containing 2.54 per cent. of graphite (i.e., silicon must have been high). Smalley¹⁷ added 0.5 per cent. of nickel as shot to the ladle when running an iron with 2 per cent. Si. and 0.8 per cent. P. (T.C. 3.4 per cent., S. 0.1 per cent., Mn. 0.7 per cent.). He found that the structure was closed and rendered more dense, and graphite was refined; the effect on hardness was small, and there was little combined carbon present. In experiments on making " direct alloy malleable," he added 5 per cent. and 7 per cent. of nickel to hæmatite iron, and obtained 1.5% bend with the latter. In connection with these experiments he tried nickel-copper irons, and found them promising. Nickel-chromium and nickel-aluminium gave no promise of useful results. Andrew and Hyman²³ found that nickel had a coarsening effect on the graphite. A 3 per cent. nickel-iron on repeated heatings showed greater growth than did other special irons. They state that this was probably due to a combination of high silicon with high nickel. Donaldson³⁰ and ³¹ investigated the effect of heat treatment on various special irons, consisting of irons made by adding various elements to a high quality cylinder iron (T.C. 3.16 per cent., Si. 1.48 per cent., S. 0.05 per cent., P. 0.7 per cent., Mn. 0.97 per cent.). To this he added 0.75 per cent. of nickel, and found that the initial strength of the iron was slightly improved, but the carbide was less stable on annealing. A large amount of graphitization took place at 450° C., with decrease in strength and hardness. Nickel iron showed more growth than did the other special irons tested, but the growth was only 15 per cent. of that of common foundry iron under the same conditions. The Influence of Nickel on Cast Iron. The following is a summary of the conclusions of the principal workers in this field during the past few years. The influence of nickel on the various characteristics of cast iron will be considered separately. | ||